| JavaScript/TypeScript | Web apps, full-stack, | sprawl, fast churn | Excellent |
| Python | AI/ML, data, scripts, APIs | Slow at raw compute, env setup | Excellent |
| Go | Fast backends, CLIs, services | Verbose, not for | Very good |
| Rust | Performance, safety, WASM | Steep curve, more fix loops | Good (bumpier) |
| Java/C# | Enterprise, Android, .NET | Heavy, often overkill solo | Very good |
| Swift/Kotlin | Native iOS / Android apps | Mobile friction, weaker AI | Good |
| PHP/Ruby | WordPress, Rails, existing webapps | Dated defaults, legacy baggage | Very good |
| Talking to databases | Lives alongside, not instead | Excellent |